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A dying-and-rising death-rebirth, or resurrection deity is a related motif where the god dies and is also resurrected.〔Leeming, "Dying god" (2004)〕〔Burkert 1979, 99〕〔Stookey 2004, 99〕〔Miles 2009, 193〕 "Death or departure of the gods" is motif A192 in Stith Thompson's '' Motif-Index of Folk-Literature'', while "resurrection of gods" is motif A193.〔Thompson's categories A192. Death or departure of the gods and A193. Resurrection of gods. S. Thompson, ''Motif-index of folk-literature : a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, medieval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends'', Revised and enlarged. edition. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1955-1958, p. 106.〕 Examples of gods who die and later return to life are most often cited from the religions of the Ancient Near East, and traditions influenced by them including Biblical and Greco-Roman mythology and by extension Christianity. The concept of dying-and-rising god was first proposed in comparative mythology by James Frazer's seminal ''The Golden Bough''. Frazer associated the motif with fertility rites surrounding the yearly cycle of vegetation. Frazer cited the examples of Osiris, Tammuz, Adonis and Attis, Dionysus and Jesus Christ.〔Frazer, quoted in Mettinger 2001:18, cited after Garry and El-Shamy, p. 19〕 Frazer's interpretation of the category has been critically discussed in 20th-century scholarship,〔summary in Mettinger (2001:15–39)〕 to the conclusion that many examples from the world's mythologies included under "dying and rising" should only be considered "dying" but not "rising", and that the genuine dying-and-rising god is a characteristic feature of Ancient Near Eastern mythologies and the derived mystery cults of Late Antiquity.〔 Garry and El-Shamy (2004:19f.), citing Mettinger (2001:217f.): "The world of ancient Near Eastern religions actually knew a number of deities that may be properly described as dying and rising (although o )ne should not hypostasize these gods into a specific type ' ''the'' dying and rising god.'"〕 ==Overview== The motif of a dying deity appears within the mythology of diverse cultures – perhaps because attributes of deities were derived from everyday experiences, and the ensuing conflicts often included death.〔 〔''Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature; a handbook'' by Jane Garry and Hasan M El-Shamy (Dec 1, 2004) ISBN 0765612607 pages 19-20〕〔''Thematic Guide to World Mythology'' by Lorena Laura Stookey (Mar 30, 2004) ISBN 0313315051 pages 106-107〕 These examples range from Baldr in Norse mythology to the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl in Aztec mythology to the Japanese Izanami.〔〔〔 The methods of death vary, ''e.g.'', in the myth of Baldr (whose account was likely first written down the 12th century), he is inadvertently killed by his blind brother Höðr who is tricked into shooting a mistletoe-tipped arrow at him, and his body is then set aflame on a ship as it sails out to sea.〔〔''Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs'' by John Lindow (Oct 17, 2002) ISBN 0195153820 pages 66-68〕 Baldr does not come back to life because not all living creatures shed tears for him, and his death then leads to the "doom of the gods".〔〔 In contrast, in most variations of his story, Quetzalcoatl (whose story dates to around the first century) is tricked by Tezcatlipoca to over-drink and then burns himself to death out of remorse for his own shameful deeds.〔〔''The Myth of Quetzalcoatl'' by Enrique Florescano and Lysa Hochroth (Oct 29, 2002) ISBN 0801871018 page 42〕 Quetzalcoatl does not resurrect and come back to life as himself, but some versions of his story have a flock of birds flying away from his ashes, and in some variants, Quetzalcoatl sails away on the ocean never to return.〔〔 Hawaiian deities can die and depart the world in a number of ways; ''e.g.'', some gods who were killed on Lanai by Lanikuala departed for the skies.〔 In contrast, Kaili leaves the world by a canoe which is never seen again.〔 The Japanese god Izanami, on the other hand, dies of a fever and Izanagi goes to Yomi, the land of gloom, to retrieve her, but she has already changed to a deteriorated state and Izanagi will not bring her back, and she pursues Izanagi, but he manages to escape.〔〔''Handbook of Japanese Mythology'' by Michael Ashkenazi (Nov 5, 2003) ISBN 1576074676 page 174〕 Some gods who die are also seen as either returning or bring about life in some other form, often associated with the vegetation cycle, or a staple food, in effect taking the form of a vegetation deity.〔〔 Examples include Ishtar and Persephone, who die every year.〔 The yearly death of Ishtar when she goes underground represents the lack of growth, while her return the rebirth of the farming cycle.〔 Most scholars hold that although the gods suggested in this motif die, they do not generally return in terms of rising as the same deity, although scholars such as Mettinger contend that in some cases they do.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dying-and-rising god」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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